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The description :directory of libraries, history of libraries...
This report updates in 27-Jul-2018
Created Date: | 2015-09-20 |
Changed Date: | 2017-09-13 |
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dirwide.com history of library articles add new library contact with us menu history of library articles add new library contact with us history of library the collection of written knowledge in some sort of repository is a practice as old as civilization itself. about 30,000 clay tablets found in ancient mesopotamia date back more than 5,000 years. archaelogists have uncovered papyrus scrolls from 1300-1200bc in the ancient egyptian cities of amarna and thebes and thousands of clay tablets in the palace of king sennacherib, assyrian ruler from 704-681bc, at nineveh, his capital city. more evidence turned up with the discovery of the personal collection of sennacherib’s grandson, king ashurbanipal. the name for the repository eventually became the library. whether private or public, the library has been founded, built, destroyed and rebuilt. the library, often championed, has been a survivor throughout its long history and serves as a testament to the thirst for knowledge. literacy builds libraries early collections may have surfaced from the near east, but the ancient greeks propelled the idea through their heightened interest in literacy and intellectual life. public and private libraries flourished through a well-established process: authors wrote on a variety of subjects, scriptoria or copy shops produced the books, and book dealers sold them. copying books was an exacting business and one in high demand, because a book’s “trustworthiness” translated into quality. an athenian decree called for a repository of “trustworthy” copies. though the public library first appeared by the fourth century bc, the private library was more prevalent. aristotle, for instance, amassed a large private collection. ancient geographer strabo said aristotle “was the first to have put together a collection of books and to have taught the kings in egypt how to arrange a library.” the great library that library, of course, was the great library of alexandria, a public library open to those with the proper scholarly and literary qualifications, founded about 300bc. when egypt’s king ptolemy i (305-282bc) asked, “how many scrolls do we have?”, aristotle’s disciple demetrius of phalerum was on hand to answer with the latest count. after all, it was demetrius who suggested setting up a universal library to hold copies of all the books in the world. ptolemy and his successors wanted to understand the people under their rule and house latin, buddhist, persian, hebrew, and egyptian works – translated into greek. the library’s lofty goal was to collect a half-million scrolls and the ptolemies took serious steps to accomplish it. ptolemy i, for example, composed a letter to all the sovereigns and governors he knew, imploring them “not to hesitate to send him” works by authors of every kind. the ptolemies engaged in some unorthodox acquisition methods. some stories relate that they confiscated any book not already in the library from passengers arriving in alexandria. another story tells how ptolemy iii (246-222bc) deceived athenian authorities when they let him borrow original manuscripts of aeschylus, sophocles and euripides, using silver as collateral. ptolemy kept the originals and sent the copies back, letting the authorities keep the silver. more traditional means included book purchases from the markets of athens, rhodes and other mediterranean cities. older copies were the favored acquisitions; the older the better, since they would be considered more trustworthy. at its height, the library held nearly 750,000 scrolls. there must have been duplicates since there weren’t that many works. much of what is now considered to be literary scholarship began in the alexandria library. funds from the royal treasury paid the chief librarian and his scholarly staff. physically, books were not what we think of today, but rather scrolls, mostly made of papyrus, but sometimes of leather. they were kept in pigeonholes with titles written on wooden tags hung from their outer ends. fires and depredations during the roman period gradually destroyed the library. when julius caesar occupied alexandria in 48bc, cleopatra urged him to help himself to the books. obliging, he shipped tens of thousands to rome. marc antony was rumored to have given cleopatra the 200,000-scroll collection of rival library pergamum to replace alexandria’s losses. thanks to the great library, alexandria assumed its position as the intellectual capital of the world and provided a model for other libraries to follow. when in rome. by the middle of the second century bc, rome also boasted rich library resources. initially comprised of some scattered private collections, holdings eventually expanded through the spoils of war. even aristotle’s famed collection was among the bounty. julius caesar dreamed of establishing a public library in rome, but his vision was cut short by his assassination. after caesar’s death, asinius pollio acquired the requisite funds to make the dream a reality. the library was divided into two sections – one for greek and one for latin, serving as a model for subsequent roman libraries. great statues adorned the walls. books, typically acquired through donations by authors and others, as well as through copying, were placed along the walls and readers consulted them in the middle of the room. this marked a distinct departure from the greek model, where readers could only consult their books in an atrium away from the rest of the collection. to serve as director of a library was a great honor. the role became a stepping stone for the ambitious government servant. staffs consisted of slaves and freedmen, who were assigned to either the greek or the latin section. pages fetched rolls from the systematically arranged and tagged bookcases and returned them. they usually transported the rolls in leather or wood buckets. scribes made copies to be added to the collection and recopied damaged rolls, while keeping the catalog up to date. libraries were typically open during standard business hours – sunrise to midday. rome had only three public libraries at the time of augustus’ death in 14ad: pollio’s, one in the porticus of octavia, and augustus’ on the palatine hill. when trajan (98-117ad) dedicated his monumental column in 112-113, a library (sectioned into the traditional greek and latin chambers) was part of it. much of the interior still exists today. the collection there grew to include some 20,000 volumes. still, libraries remained the domain of the learned: teachers, scientists, scholars. where were the masses to go? to the imperial baths, of course! at the baths, men and women, rich and poor could take a bath, meet with friends, play ball – and read a book. libraries were added to the baths until the third century. a catalog of rome’s buildings from about 350ad enumerated 29 libraries in the city. but in 378, the historian ammianus marcellinus commented, “the libraries are closing forever, like tombs.” as the roman empire fell, libraries seemed doomed to extinction. monasticism transforms the library in the early 500s in egypt, a man named pachomius established a monastery and insisted on literacy among his monks. this was to have a long-lasting effect even after the roman empire split in two about 100 years later. throughout the rest of the eastern empire, monastic communities emerged with small and mostly theological libraries. sparked by the spread of christianity, the eastern half of the empire did much to foster the use of libraries. the capital city of constantinople had three major libraries: the university library, the library for the royal family and civil service and a theological collection. even though libraries disappeared in the western empire due to invasion, lack of funds, and lack of interest, monasticism gave rise to an explosion of learning. in 529ad, benedict established a monastery in monte cassino and established a rule by which the monks would live. chapter 48 of this ru
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Domain Name: DIRWIDE.COM
Registry Domain ID: 1961967494_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN
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Registrar URL: http://www.danesconames.com
Updated Date: 2017-09-13T17:59:36Z
Creation Date: 2015-09-20T18:20:06Z
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REGISTRAR Danesco Trading Ltd.
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