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a service of plugsafe are fundamentally unsafe! since britain introduced the first mains sockets in the 1880s their use has spread around the world, and many countries have adopted sockets which are appropriate for their own electrical systems. one of the frustrations of modern travel is the many different mains sockets now in use, but that is not going to change any time soon. the cost and inconvenience involved in changing the electrical infrastructure of a developed country would be too great to be tolerated by its citizens, and far outweighs the inconvenience to the traveler. the iec is the world standards body responsible for coordinating electrical standards. for many years the iec attempted to find a solution to the problem of incompatible plugs, but in the end all they could do is to develop a standard for yet another new type! the safety issues of trying to make one socket accept many different plugs were too great to have a practical solution. the new standard, iec 60906-1, has so far been adopted only by south africa who will phase it in over many years. brazil adopted something similar, but failed to make it compliant with iec 60906-1, totally missing the point! in a misguided attempt to solve the problem, far eastern entrepreneurs have developed various non-standard so-called , but they have failed to understand why this is not safe. the example above is one of these which has been withdrawn from uk sale as having a serious risk of electric shock. it has two sets of socket apertures, the pair at the top are intended for two pin american and european plugs, the centre and lower apertures are intended to accept various three pin earthed plugs, including uk, american, chinese, australian and, apparently, the 5 amp bs 546 plug which is still used in many countries. there are many other types on the market, but all are a very bad idea! here are some of the reasons why: voltage: a fundamental reason for not using a single plug type is that there are two very different mains voltages used in the world, the european voltage is a nominal 230 v, the american voltage is a nominal 120 v, other countries use one or other of these. international standard iec 60884-1 requires that a plug intended for one of these voltages may not fit into a socket intended for the other. do not comply with that standard. plugging a 120 v appliance into a 230 v socket may result in a fire! polarity: a normal mains supply consists of ‘earth’ (or ‘ground’), which is a safety connection for exposed metal parts (such as the casing of white goods); ‘neutral’, which is at approximately 0 v; and ’line’ which is at 120 v or 230 v. both ‘neutral’ and ’line’ carry current, and are referred to as ‘live parts’. the uk and the us both use polarized plugs, but whereas the uk line connection in the socket illustrated is at bottom right, the us line is at bottom left! a switch fitted to an appliance is often in the line wire only, so it is important to make sure that the right connection is made. have the terminals marked for uk polarization, meaning that it is incorrect for some other plugs, including us plugs. (the us also uses polarized two-pin plugs, with the neutral pin wider than the line pin, but often accept these in either aperture, negating that safety feature as well! sometimes both apertures are too small to accept the wider neutral pin.) access to live parts (plug pins): uk plugs (and some others) have partially sleeved line and neutral pins to ensure that the metal cannot be touched when the plug is partially engaged. other plugs, such as the german schuko, rely on the plug being inserted into a recessed socket. (see picture, far right, of a schuko plug in its recessed socket, note the side earthing contact in the upper socket.) as can have no recess there is nothing to prevent touching an unsleeved line pin on a partially engaged plug, as demonstrated by this schuko plug in the lengon socket. earthing: uk and us plugs, as well as many others, use the third pin for earthing, however the german schuko plug uses a side contact, and the french plug uses a pin projecting from the face of the socket, clearly neither of these contacts exist in a universal socket (the presence of either would prevent other plugs being used) so although the universal socket will accept both french and german plugs, neither will be earthed! (the picture above clearly shows the side contact making no connection.) in the event of a fault this is potentially lethal. access to live parts (socket contacts): the live pins of american plugs (and some others) are closely spaced (12.7 mm centres) when compared to uk plugs (22.2 mm centres). the overall width of a us plug is normally in the range 22 - 25 mm, the minimum distance between the edges of socket apertures to accept a uk plug is 29 mm, thus it will always be the case that a us plug inserted into a socket which will also accept uk plugs will leave the socket apertures dangerously exposed on either side. this allows plenty of space for a child to poke objects such as this paper clip into the live contacts note also the voltage rating tag on this american cord, as is normal for this type it is rated at 125 volts only. it is not suitable for connection to a 230 v socket! if you want to use an american appliance which is rated for use at 230 volts also, make sure you use a power cord suitable for 230v. fusing: the system of wiring used in the uk (called a ‘ring circuit’) includes 32 amp protection for the fixed wiring and requires that there be an appropriately sized fuse in the plug which will prevent the flexible appliance cord overheating and catching fire in the case of a short circuit. other countries use a radial system and rely on the protection (typically 16 amp) for the fixed wiring to protect the flexible cord (which is fine for some appliance cords, but of doubtful value for lightweight cords such as those used with europlugs). a universal socket will, by definition, accept non-bs 1363 unfused plugs so when connected to a uk ring circuit the flexible cord is not adequately protected. shutters: uk standards require that pin apertures are shuttered, the shutters being operated either by insertion of the earth pin or by simultaneous insertion of two or more pins. some have no shutters, such as this one. others have inadequate shutters which can be opened by pressing a pin or other object into the line aperture alone. this is completely unacceptable and potentially lethal. poor contact: sockets are normally designed to make the maximum electrical contact with the pins of the plug. because the contacts in a universal socket are designed to accept a variety of sizes and shapes they are seriously compromised, often doing little more than touching at a couple of points. a poor contact will result in arcing and/or overheating with the potential of fire. insufficient mechanical stability: one of the functions of a socket is to securely hold the plug, but the overlarge apertures and poor contacts in a universal socket prevent this from happening. in addition, some plug types (such as the german schuko) rely on the socket recess for additional stability, but have no recess. under-rated for most plugs: do not have a standard current rating, they often claim to be rated at 10 a, but most plugs are rated at higher currents, eg 13 a (uk), 15 a (us) and 16 a (french and german), a plug should only be used in a socket which has a compatible current rating. plugs can be mis-inserted (1): the overlarge apertures of a universal socket allows some plugs such as the europlug and schuko to be inserted into the wrong contacts, eg between line and earth. this is illustrated above. plugs can be mis-inserted (2): the overlarge apertures will also allow a bs 1363 earth pin to be inserted into the line aperture of a universal socket!. the left hand picture shows a power pin inserted into the neutral aperture, and an earth pin inserted into the line aperture. the apertu

URL analysis for universalsocket.org.uk

http://www.universalsocket.org.uk/./fraudulent_use_of_ce_marking/fraudulent_use_of_ce_marking.html
http://www.universalsocket.org.uk/./bbc_complaint_upheld/bbc_complaint_upheld.html
http://www.universalsocket.org.uk/./index.html
http://www.universalsocket.org.uk/./historical_background/historical_background.html
bis.gov.uk
electricalsafetyfirst.org.uk
bs1363.org.uk

Whois Information

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Domain name:
universalsocket.org.uk

Data validation:
Nominet was able to match the registrant's name and address against a 3rd party data source on 30-Nov-2013

Registrar:
1&1 Ionos SE [Tag = 1AND1]
URL: https://www.1and1.co.uk

Relevant dates:
Registered on: 30-Nov-2013
Expiry date: 30-Nov-2019
Last updated: 10-Mar-2018

Registration status:
Registered until expiry date.

Name servers:
ns1059.ui-dns.biz
ns1059.ui-dns.com
ns1059.ui-dns.de
ns1059.ui-dns.org

WHOIS lookup made at 22:15:40 12-Dec-2018

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  REFERRER http://www.nominet.org.uk

  REGISTRAR Nominet UK

SERVERS

  SERVER uk.whois-servers.net

  ARGS universalsocket.org.uk

  PORT 43

  TYPE domain

DOMAIN

SPONSOR
1&1 Ionos SE [Tag = 1AND1]
URL: https://www.1and1.co.uk
Relevant dates:

  CREATED 30-Nov-2013

  CHANGED 10-Mar-2018

STATUS
Registered until expiry date.

NSERVER

  NS1059.UI-DNS.BIZ 217.160.81.59

  NS1059.UI-DNS.COM 217.160.82.59

  NS1059.UI-DNS.DE 217.160.80.59

  NS1059.UI-DNS.ORG 217.160.83.59

  NAME universalsocket.org.uk

DISCLAIMER
This WHOIS information is provided for free by Nominet UK the central registry
for .uk domain names. This information and the .uk WHOIS are:
Copyright Nominet UK 1996 - 2018.
You may not access the .uk WHOIS or use any data from it except as permitted
by the terms of use available in full at https://www.nominet.uk/whoisterms,
which includes restrictions on: (A) use of the data for advertising, or its
repackaging, recompilation, redistribution or reuse (B) obscuring, removing
or hiding any or all of this notice and (C) exceeding query rate or volume
limits. The data is provided on an 'as-is' basis and may lag behind the
register. Access may be withdrawn or restricted at any time.

  REGISTERED no

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